I just finished reading Peter Singer's The President of Good & Evil: The Ethics of George W. Bush. Alternately subtitled "Taking George W. Bush Seriously" (UK) and "Questioning the Ethics of George W. Bush", my copy bears the latter caption. While riding the train to work yesterday, a man noticed what I was reading and asked me incredulously, "Is there really any question?" Judging from what I'm hearing in the news, there isn't – or if there is, few seem willing to examine the ethical philosophy(ies) that Bush claims he follows. It was this lack of serious inquiry that prompted me to read the book. When Bush speaks of "Evil", what does he mean? When people claim that Bush possesses "moral clarity", to what are they referring? Singer takes Bush at his word and analyzes, with a calm and quiet dignity, how his actions have squared with his professed beliefs. While Singer's philosophical arguments occasionally veer off course, the reasoning he uses is solid and the conclusions that he draws are incontrovertibly dim (i.e. "Bush's actions cannot fit within a coherent ethic of respecting human life"). As I read one damning chapter after another, I began to feel like Singer was being unfair in one important respect: consistency in the application of ethics is not to be expected in Presidents (or anyone in a position of great responsibility), because the burden of power lies in the decisions that one must make in the face of contradictory moral outcomes. Can a President reasonably be expected to apply the same moral qualifiers to a decision about embryonic stem-cell research that he would apply to the fight against terrorism and/or geopolitical disputes? However, in perhaps the most cogent and critical sections near the end of the book, Singer manages to touch on this as well. Using Lawrence Kohlberg's theory of moral development, he concludes the following:
[David] Frum's account of Bush's appeal to "fixed rules" and his apparent inability to asses the simple rule against lying in terms of larger considerations about why we have such a rule, suggests that Bush has not progressed beyond Kohlberg's conventional level of moral reasoning. This is the stage typically reached by early teenage boys, although Kohlberg notes that many develop no further, and hence it is not unusual for an adult to be at this stage.
It is, however, unusual for an adult to attain a position of such power over the course of human events that their ability (and willingness) to engage in serious moral reflection becomes a subject that concerns us all. Traditionally, conservatives have argued that Bush's lack of intellectual prowess is of secondary importance when weighed against his "moral clarity" and determination to do what is "right". The truth, as it turns out, is that he is no more qualified to lead in that regard than a young teenage boy.